|
Philip Kaufman (born October 23, 1936) is an American film director and screenwriter who has directed fifteen films over a career spanning more than five decades. He has been described as a "maverick" and an "iconoclast,"〔 notable for his versatility and independence. He is considered an "auteur", whose films have always expressed his personal vision.〔 His choice of topics has been eclectic and sometimes controversial, having adapted novels with diverse themes and stories. Kaufman's works have included genres such as realism, horror, fantasy, erotic, Westerns, underworld crime, and inner city gangs. Examples are Milan Kundera's ''The Unbearable Lightness of Being'' (1988), Michael Crichton's ''Rising Sun'' (1993), a remake of ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' (1978), and the erotic writings of Anaïs Nin’s ''Henry & June''. His film ''The Wanderers'' (1979) has achieved cult status. But his greatest success was Tom Wolfe's true-life ''The Right Stuff'', which received eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture. According to film historian Annette Insdorf, "no other living American director has so consistently and successfully made movies for adults, tackling sensuality, artistic creation, and manipulation by authorities."〔 Other critics note that Kaufman's films are "strong on mood and atmosphere," with powerful cinematography and a "lyrical, poetic style" to portray different historic periods.〔 His later films have a somewhat European style, but the stories always "stress individualism and integrity, and are clearly American."〔 ==Early life== Kaufman was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1936, the only son of Elizabeth (Brandau), a housewife, and Nathan Kaufman, a produce businessman. He was the grandson of German-Jewish immigrants.〔Simon, Alex. ("Kaufman/Sade" ), ''Venice Magazine'', December 2000/January 2001〕 One of his grammar and high school friends was William Friedkin, who also became a director.〔 He developed an early love of movies and during his youth he would often go to double features. He attended the University of Chicago where he received a degree in history, and then enrolled at Harvard Law School where he spent a year. He returned to Chicago for a postgraduate degree, hoping to become a professor of history.〔Allon, Yoram; Cullen, Del; and Patterson, Hannah, editors. ''Contemporary North American Film Directors'', Wallflower Press (2000) p. 292〕 In 1958 Kaufman married Rose Fisher, a year after they met as undergraduates. They later had a son, Peter.〔("Philip Kaufman fights grief to make 'Hemingway'" ), ''SFGate'', December 21, 2013〕 Before graduating Kaufman became involved in the counterculture movement and in 1960 moved to San Francisco. He took various jobs there, including postal worker, and befriended a number of influential people, such as writer Henry Miller.〔 He and his wife then decided to travel and live in Europe for a while where he would teach.〔Hillstrom, Laurie, and Welsh, James M., editors. ''International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers-2: Directors'', 3rd ed. , St. James Press (1997) pp. 512-513〕 After spending time working on a kibbutz in Israel, he taught English and math for two years in Greece and Italy.〔 During his travels he also met author Anaïs Nin, whose relationship with her lover, Henry Miller, later became the inspiration and subject for Kaufman's film ''Henry and June'' (1990).〔 After backpacking in Europe with his wife Rose and their young son, they returned to the United States. His time in Europe heavily influenced Kaufman's decision to become a filmmaker, when he and his wife would wander into small movie theaters showcasing the works of experimental new filmmakers such as John Cassavetes and Shirley Clarke, among others.〔 He recalls the effect of being exposed to those filmmakers as the "start of something new" which would later inspire the European flavor of many of his films: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philip Kaufman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|